Initiating angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in mild to moderate heart failure in general practice: randomised, placebo controlled trial.

childhood energy intake and subsequent risk of cancer was also confined to cancers unrelated to smoking. Most previous studies have either grouped all cancers together or looked only at individual cancers. However, consistent with our results, the physicians health study found a positive association of height with all malignant neoplasms but not with lung cancer. In line with extensive animal experimental evidence, therefore, our data and those from the Boyd Orr study suggest that energy intake during growth may be an important determinant of later risk of developing cancer. Since height serves as only an indirect and comparatively weak proxy measure of dietary intake in childhood, the size of the association found in this study may reflect a much stronger underlying association with directly measured childhood energy intake. Contributors: The idea for this paper came from a discussion between the authors. GDS wrote the first draft of the manuscript around analyses performed by MS, and all authors contributed to the final draft. GDS is guarantor for the study. Funding: None. Conflict of interest: None.